Research finds that nanoparticles can act as "artificial atoms" in crystal growth

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During the growth of crystals, can nanoparticles act as "artificial atoms" and become the building blocks of complex molecular structures? This theory has been controversial. A study by the US Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory may solve the above-mentioned controversy and indicate the direction for the future development of energy conversion and storage equipment. Related research reports were published in the recently published "Science" magazine.

Researchers in the laboratory's materials science department used transmission electron microscopy and advanced liquid cell processing technology to observe the growth trajectory of nanorods composed of platinum and iron nanoparticles in real time. The imaging resolution is up to half angstroms (wavelength units of the spectral line), which is shorter than the diameter of a single hydrogen atom. The observations strongly support the theory that nanoparticles act as "artificial atoms" in crystal growth.

In the observation, the nanoparticles will start from the directional attachment, forming a curved polycrystalline chain in the solution, and gradually arranged, connected end to end to form an elongated nanowire that can extend to a single crystalline nanorod, the length to thickness ratio can reach 40 : 1. It can be seen that in the process of generating nanocrystals, nanoparticle chains and nanoparticles provide basic building blocks for building nanorods, and the entire process is very clever and efficient. Previously, similar observations were usually limited to the first few minutes of crystal growth, and new research can effectively extend this time for several hours, which can be described as a major progress in the observation of nanoparticle growth trajectories.

The researchers said that the reason why platinum and iron nanorods were chosen as the research object is because electrocatalytic materials are expected to be used in the next generation of energy conversion and storage devices. The key to studying the growth of colloidal nanocrystals with different shapes and structures is to maintain the liquid environment in the observation window for a long time, so that the reaction can completely occur. They dissolved the molecular precursors of platinum and iron in organic solvents, used capillary pressure to promote the growth solution into the silicon nitride liquid pool, and sealed with epoxy glue. Researchers emphasize that the sealing of the liquid pool is very important, so that the liquid in the pool will not become sticky. Once the liquid is viscous, it will hinder the interaction of nanoparticles, thereby inhibiting the growth of crystals. In previous studies, this situation happened from time to time.

According to the researchers' observations, a single nanoparticle will only exist at the beginning of crystal growth, and then it will be replaced by short-chain nanoparticles, and eventually form long-chain nanoparticles. This builds a bridge between single molecules and layered nanostructures, and also paves the way for the rational design of nanomaterials with controllable properties.

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