The printed pages and signatures are processed into volumes, or documents, bills, etc. are arranged and matched, and post-print processing, such as books, is collectively referred to as binding.

Book binding, including the two major processes of setting and loading. The order is to set the book page cost, which is the processing of the book block, and the processing of the book cover is the binding.

I. The Evolution of Bookbinding Technology

The earliest book in China was the use of belts or ropes to write bamboo strips and wood pieces with written characters.

The simple policy is very heavy and difficult to read. Later, people scribbled the written silk, according to the length of the article, and rolled it into a roll. Some of them even had wooden shafts on both ends of the silk thread, and a scroll-loaded book appeared.

After the paper was invented, the text was written on the paper, and the booklet was repeatedly folded into a rectangular booklet in accordance with certain specifications. The front and back pages were glued with hard paper or thick paper as the cover and back cover. This kind of binding was originally used in Buddhist classics, so it is called dismantled (see Figure 1).

In the folded books, the first page and the last page are separated, and the first and last pages of the disassembled paper are glued together. When the paper is opened for reading, the middle paper sheet is flying. It is like a whirlwind, hence the name Cyclone (see Figure 7-1).

The books that were framed by the above two methods were read for a long time, the folds were broken, and the pages were scattered. In the Song Dynasty, the book was glued together or bound by a silk thread. The butterfly and bag backs appeared as shown in Figure 7-1.

From the middle of the Ming dynasty, we started to install books in line. The bound bookbinding is firm, the binding is beautiful, and the reading is easy.

After the Qing dynasty, movable type printing gradually replaced engraving printing. The output and variety of printed matter continued to increase, and the bookbinding technology was also correspondingly developed, gradually moving from manual operation to mechanization. Now, in addition to the preservation of our national traditions, the production of a small number of precious editions and antique books, and the use of thread, the main binding forms are plain and hardcover. The binding methods are divided into manual binding, semi-automatic binding, and fully-automatic binding using a linkage engine.

Second, binding bookbinding process

Paperback is a form of binding commonly used in books, characterized by a paper soft cover. The manual and semi-automatic binding processes are:

Collision page cutting → folding → with a booklet → with book block → book → cover → cut book

From cutting to staple processing for the book block.
(A) After the page hits and cuts the printed large format pages, they are cut to a desired size using a single-sided cutter.
Cutting is done on the cutter. According to the length of the cutting knife, the paper cutting machine is divided into two types: full-sheet and half-open; according to its degree of automation, it is divided into automatic paper cutting machine and semi-automatic paper cutting machine. When operating, pay attention to safety, cut paper, incision should be smooth, neat, not sloping, not inclined, size meets the requirements.
(b) The process of folding into booklets, called page folding, according to the page order and the size of the open pages of a folded large page.
The folding method is roughly divided into three types.
1. Vertical Cross Folding Whenever a fold is folded, the page must be turned by 90° and then folded by a fold. The signature's creases are perpendicular to each other (see Figure 7-2). This folding form is easy to operate, and the number of folds is related to the number of pages.
2. The bookfolds folded out by the parallel folding method are parallel to each other, as shown in Figure 7-2. Suitable for folding thicker pages of books, such as children's books, pictures, etc.
3. Mixed folding method Folding in the same signature, both parallel and vertical folding method to mix the folding method. Most of the signatures folded by machines are of this type (see Figure 2).
At present, most of China's printing plants use mechanical folding. The folding machine is divided into knife folding machine, fence folding machine and grid knife folding folder.
The knife-type folding machine is a folding knife that presses the paper into the transverse slits of two folding rollers that rotate, and completes the folding process by the friction between the two rollers and the paper (see Figure 3). This folding machine can fold full sheets of printed sheets with high folding accuracy but large footprint.
The fence type folding machine is a moving paper that moves forward along the fence through a folding roller until it hits the baffle. Under the friction of the folding roller, the paper is bent and folded (see Figure 4). This folding machine has a fast folding speed and a small footprint, but it is not suitable for large, thin and soft paper. The same folding machine is a knife-type and fence-type combination. It is called a grid knife hybrid folding machine. This folding machine has a faster folding speed than a knife folding machine.
In addition, book and web presses are generally equipped with folding devices.

(c) Distribution of books Insert or stick zero pages or inserts in a page in the order of page numbers.
(4) The book book core equips the whole book book with the books in the sequence and is called the book core, also called the row book. There are two sets of posts and posts.
1. Post-inscription The booklet is placed inside or outside another booklet in the order of pages, forming two book blocks that are thick and have only one ridge. This method is suitable for journals and magazines with fewer posts.
2. With the post method, each booklet will be stacked in the order of page number, one post and one post, and become the core of a book publication, which will be included in the book cover. This law is commonly used in paperback or hardcover books.
Posts can be used manually or mechanically. With manual posts, labor intensity, low efficiency, can only be produced in small batches, therefore, now mainly use distribution machine to complete the operation of distribution posts.
The working principle of the distribution machine is shown in Figure 5. Put the signatures on the conveyor belt in order and overlap in order to complete the booklet core.
In order to prevent misprinting, when printing, a small box called a signature is printed at the ridge of each printed sheet. With the book block after the post, a step-like mark is formed at the back of the book. When checking, as shown in FIG. 6 , as long as it is found that the ladder is out of sequence, the error of the match can be found and corrected.
Combine well-written signatures (generally known as Mao Ben) and tie them together. In addition to the sewing thread setting, brush a thin layer of glue or paste on the back of Mao Ben. The signatures are scattered and then the book is made.
(5) The booklet securely links the various signatures of the book block with various methods. This process is called bookbinding. Commonly used methods are saddle stitching, wire nails, sewing thread binding, glue binding and other four kinds.
1. Saddle-stitching A saddle-stitching book, with a well-fitted book block with a cover, with two iron clasps on the spine to become a book. The use of saddle-stitched books should not be too thick, and multiple posts must be combined into a single post to bind (see Figure 7).
2. The iron wire stapler uses a wire stapler to pass the iron wire through the book block's opening. This is called wire binding (see Figure 7).
Iron wire is flat and the production efficiency is high. However, iron wire is prone to yellow rust, which affects the beauty of books and magazines. It also causes the damage and loss of the pages. It is suitable for books below 100 pages.
3. The lock line will be set with a good signature, in accordance with the order of the line with a quote and a tie in series, called the lock line set. The sewing machine is used to lock the thread. The lock wire is provided with a flat lock (see Figure 8) in two ways.
The book can be booked with any thickness, which is secure and easy to read, but the speed of the book is slow.
4. Adhesive Adhesives A book block is made by binding a signature or a book page together. Generally, the booklet is well-numbered, and a slot is formed on the spine or a milling sheet is formed into a single sheet. After the collision, the signature is firmly bonded by an adhesive.
Adhesive book block, can be used for plain or hardcover.
(6) The book block processed by hinges, placards, and bindings on the front cover of the bag is wrapped in a cover and becomes the woolen version of the paperback book.
The cover of the bag is also called a pack or wrapped. The process of manual bag cover is: fold cover, spine back brush, paste cover, cover cover, ask equality. Nowadays, in addition to the malformed book, manual pack covers are rarely used.
The mechanical bag cover uses a wrapping machine, a long wrapping machine and a round wrapping machine.
The working process of the mechanical wrapping machine is as follows: put the book block face down into the book storage slot. With the rotation of the machine, the back of the book block passes through the upper part of the glue tank, and the circular wheel immersed in the glue water spreads the glue on the book. Core ridge back, near the edge of the first page of the spine and the edge of the last page. The glued book block, with the rotation of the machine, came to the cover of the bag. The top cover was glued to the back of the spine, and then it was put into a baking machine to pressurize it and dry it, so that the back of the book was flat.
The cover of paperback books should be packed firmly and flat. The text on the back of the book should be in the straight line of the back of the book. It should not be worn out. The cover should be clean, free from damage, and folded.
(7) Cut the book, which has been pressed and dried and the back of the book is smooth, cut the head, feet, and cuts of the book according to the size of the draft, and make the book become light and become a readable book. borrow.
The cut book is generally carried out on a three-sided cutter. The three-sided cutter is a special machine for cutting all kinds of books and magazines. There are three steel knives on the three-sided cutter, and the position between them can be adjusted according to the book size.
After the books are chopped, check them out and prevent the books and magazines that do not meet the quality requirements from leaving the factory.
(8) In order to speed up the binding speed, improve the quality of binding, and avoid the stacking and handling of semi-finished products between processes, the paperbacking mechanism is to use flat-loading linkage.
1. The saddle stitcher is also called three links. It consists of a drum-type collator, a stapler, and a three-sided cutter. It can automatically complete post-entry, cover-folding, take-up, stapling, and three-sided cuts, and it is equipped with a device that automatically detects the quality.
The horse-riding binding machine has high production efficiency and is suitable for binding thin books below 64 pages, such as periodicals, magazines, exercise books, etc. However, the signatures only rely on two wire fasteners and therefore have poor firmness.
2. Adhesive-binding motivational rubber-bonded joints, able to continuously complete the process of page matching, bumping, milling, back sawing, shorning, brushing, gauze, bag cover, scrape back forming, and book cutting.) Figure 9). Some glued with hot melt adhesive, some glued with cold glue. The degree of automation is very high, with up to 7,000 bookbindings per hour, and even more.

Third, binding books binding process

The covers and back covers of hardcover books are generally made of silk, linoleum, artificial leather, leather, or paper, and are affixed to the surface of cardboard to form book covers. According to the processing method of the cover, there are spine grooves and spineless shells. The back of the book block can be processed into hard back, cavity back and soft back, etc., beautiful shape, strong and durable.
The binding process of hardcover book is:
Production of Book Blocks → Production of Book Shells → Book Cover (1) Production of Book Blocks The first part of the production of book blocks is the same as the binding process for paperback books, including: cutting, folding, collating, sewing, and cutting. After the above work is done, the special processing of the hardcover book block is performed. The book block is in the form of a round back with a ridge. It can be flattened, brushed, dried, cut, rolled, ridged, brushed, glued, and then brushed, glued on the basis of the paperback book core. , sticky spine paper, drying, etc. complete the processing of hardcover book cores. The book block is in the form of square backs and no need for rounding. The book core is in the shape of a round back without ridges, and it does not require ridges.
1. Flattening and flattening is performed on a special press machine to make the book block solid and flat to improve the book binding quality.
2. Brush the rubber by hand or mechanically brush the glue so that the book core reaches a basic shape. When processing in the next procedure, the signatures do not move to each other.
3. Cut the book block that is dry on the brush and cut it to make it a light book core.
4. The process of manipulating the back spine of a spine by artificial or mechanical processes into a circular arc is called a round process. After the round is finished, the book stickers of the entire book can be staggered with each other, which is easy to read and improve the firmness of the book block.
5. The ridge is manually or mechanically used to clamp the book block to the edge of the book spine and the ring lining. Press a dent so that the spine rises slightly outwards. The process, called Ridge, can prevent this